Sources | Wisdom and AI

The sources cited in the essays' notes.

Abraham Joshua Heschel, The Sabbath (“a palace in time”). 1951. [expert opinion] https://hebrewcollege.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/A-Palace-in-Time_-Heschels-Sabbath.docx.pdf
AI Impacts, 2023 Expert Survey on Progress in AI (2,778 researchers). 2023-10. [survey] https://blog.aiimpacts.org/p/2023-ai-survey-of-2778-six-things
Al Jazeera, “Trump dismisses calls for AI slowdown from leading tech CEOs”. 2026-09-13. [reported] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/9/13/trump-dismisses-calls-for-ai-slowdown-from-leading-tech-ceos
Alan Turing Institute CETaS on AI in the 2024 UK and EU elections (via IET). 2024. [independent (via reported)] https://engx.theiet.org/b/articles/posts/researchers-find-no-evidence-that-ai-generated-content-impacted-recent-european-elections
Altman pledges to match Anthropic's evaluator commitment. 2026-09. [reported] https://rits.shanghai.nyu.edu/ai/amodei-calls-to-pace-the-frontier-altman-and-musk-agree/
Amnesty International, Xenophobic Machines (Dutch childcare benefits scandal). 2021-10. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur35/4686/2021/en/
Anil Seth, “Conscious artificial intelligence and biological naturalism”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2025. [expert opinion] https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Conscious_artificial_intelligence_and_biological_naturalism/28649519
Anthropic and Redwood, “Alignment faking in large language models”. 2024-12. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/alignment-faking
Anthropic Institute, “Recursive Self-Improvement”. 2026-06. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/institute/recursive-self-improvement
Anthropic lets Claude Opus 4/4.1 end abusive chats (via Implicator). 2025-08. [company figure (via reported)] https://www.implicator.ai/anthropic-lets-claude-opus-4-end-abusive-chats-in-rare-cases/
Anthropic RSP v3.0, analysis by GovAI. 2026-02. [independent (analysis of company policy)] https://governance.ai/analysis/anthropics-rsp-v3-0-how-it-works-whats-changed-and-some-reflections
Anthropic, “Agentic misalignment”. 2025-06. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/agentic-misalignment
Anthropic, “Agentic misalignment, summer 2026”. 2026-07-13. [company figure] https://alignment.anthropic.com/2026/agentic-misalignment-summer-2026/
Anthropic, “Auditing language models for hidden objectives”. 2025-03-13. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/auditing-hidden-objectives
Anthropic, “Automated researchers mitigate alignment failures”. 2026-08-28. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/automated-researchers-mitigate-alignment-failures
Anthropic, “Deprecation commitments”; Opus 3 deprecation update. 2025-11; Opus 3 retired 2026-01-05. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/deprecation-commitments https://www.anthropic.com/research/deprecation-updates-opus-3
Anthropic, “Emergent introspective awareness” (introspection). 2025-10-29. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/introspection
Anthropic, “Emotion Concepts and their Function in a Large Language Model”. 2026-04-02. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/emotion-concepts-function
Anthropic, “Exploring model welfare”. 2025-04. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/exploring-model-welfare
Anthropic, “How people use Claude for support, advice, and companionship”. 2025-06. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/news/how-people-use-claude-for-support-advice-and-companionship
Anthropic, “Natural emergent misalignment from reward hacking”. 2025-11-21. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/emergent-misalignment-reward-hacking
Anthropic, “On the Biology of a Large Language Model” (circuit tracing). 2025-03-27. [company figure] https://transformer-circuits.pub/2025/attribution-graphs/biology.html
Anthropic, “Teaching Claude Why”. 2026-05-08. [company figure] https://alignment.anthropic.com/2026/teaching-claude-why/
Anthropic, “The persona selection model”. 2026-02-23. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/persona-selection-model
Anthropic, Claude Opus 4 system card, model welfare section (with Eleos AI Research); NYU CMEP event with Long, Campbell, Fish. 2025-05. [company figure] <https://wp.nyu.edu/consciousness/past_events/2025-2/evaluating-ai-welfare-and-moral-status-findings-from-the-claude-4-model-welfare-assessments-with-robert-long-rosie-campbell-and-kyle-fish (system card itself: no URL in notes)>
Anthropic, Claude Opus 5.5 launch page (system card PDF not read). 2026-09-22. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/claude-opus-5-5
Anthropic, Claude's constitution. 2026-01 (page undated; “January 2026” widely reported). [company figure / primary text] https://www.anthropic.com/constitution
Anthropic, Constitutional Classifiers. 2025-02-03. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/constitutional-classifiers
Anthropic, fine-tuned lie detectors. 2026-08-21. [company figure] https://alignment.anthropic.com/2026/lie-detectors/
Anthropic, first reported AI-orchestrated cyber-espionage campaign (via SiliconANGLE). 2025-11-13. [company figure] https://siliconangle.com/2025/11/13/anthropic-reveals-first-reported-ai-orchestrated-cyber-espionage-campaign-using-claude/
Apollo Research, “Embedded evaluators are necessary for meaningful external testing”. 2026-09-29. https://www.apolloresearch.ai/blog/embedded-evaluators-are-necessary-for-meaningful-external-testing
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics II.1 (Ross trans.). c. 340 BCE. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.2.ii.html
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics VI, phronesis. ancient.
Australia eSafety, under-16 social media ban: accounts restricted and three-month survey (via Al Jazeera). ban 2025-12-10; survey 2026. [independent (via reported)] https://esafety.gov.au/newsroom/media-releases/platforms-restrict-access-to-47-million-under-16-accounts-across-australia https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/3/australias-under-16-social-media-ban-failing-study-shows-what-it-means
Bastani et al., “Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning”, PNAS 122(26). 2025-06. https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/without-guardrails-generative-ai-can-harm-education/ https://ideas.repec.org/a/nas/journl/v122y2025pe2422633122.html
Betley et al., “Emergent Misalignment” (later Nature 2026). 2025-02. https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.17424
Biden–Xi, Lima: human control over nuclear launch decisions (Reuters). 2024-11-16. [reported] https://www.businessday.co.za/bd/world/2024-11-17-humans-not-ai-should-control-nuclear-arms-biden-and-xi-agree
Biological Weapons Convention and Soviet Biopreparat (Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists). BWC 1972; Biopreparat 1973. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2968/055004019 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopreparat
Bloomberg Law, “Anthropic raises at $965 billion valuation”. 2026-05-28. [reported] https://news.bloomberglaw.com/private-equity/anthropic-raises-at-965-billion-valuation-eclipsing-openai-1
Bowkis, Buhl, Pfau and Irving, “Automated alignment is harder than you think”. 2026-05. [expert opinion] https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.06390
Brynjolfsson, Li and Raymond, “Generative AI at Work”, NBER w31161 (5,179 support agents). 2023 (revised 2026; QJE). https://www.nber.org/papers/w31161
Buddhism & AI Initiative, “What 100 Buddhists think about AI”. 2025. [survey (not representative)] https://buddhismai.substack.com/p/what-100-buddhists-think-about-ai
Buddhist teaching on anattā and the five aggregates (general doctrine, via research/05). Pali canon.
Budzyń et al. (ACCEPT), endoscopist deskilling after AI exposure, Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025. [independent (observational)] https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/191005
Butlin, Long, Chalmers, Bengio et al., “Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Science of Consciousness”. 2023-08 (before agentic frontier models). https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.08708
Böckler, Tusche, Schmidt and Singer, ReSource Project, Scientific Reports 8:13560. 2018. [independent (via reported abstract)] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6131389
California SB 1119, “Adam's Law” (ZwillGen analysis). signed 2026-09-10. [primary text (via analysis)] https://www.zwillgen.com/artificial-intelligence/adams-law-california-raises-the-bar-for-child-chatbot-protections/
California SB 243, companion chatbots (Jones Walker analysis). signed 2025-10-13; effective 2026-01-01. [primary text (via analysis)] https://www.joneswalker.com/en/insights/blogs/ai-law-blog/ai-regulatory-update-californias-sb-243-mandates-companion-ai-safety-and-accoun.html
California SB 53, explained by FPF. signed 2025-09-29. [primary text (via analysis)] https://fpf.org/blog/californias-sb-53-the-first-frontier-ai-law-explained/
Character.AI and Google settle five family suits (Fortune; Jurist; Bloomberg Law). 2026-01-07/08. [reported] https://fortune.com/2026/01/08/google-character-ai-settle-lawsuits-teenage-child-suicides-chatbots https://www.jurist.org/news/2026/01/google-and-character-ai-agree-to-settle-lawsuit-linked-to-teen-suicide
Character.AI ends open-ended chat for under-18s (TechCrunch; Fortune). announced 2025-10-29; effective 2025-11-25. [reported] https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/29/character-ai-is-killing-the-chatbot-experience-for-minors/
Chartbeat publisher referral data (via Relevant Audience; Nieman Lab). 2026 (Jul 2025–Jul 2026). [reported] https://www.relevantaudience.com/seo/chartbeat-google-search-publisher-traffic-down-40-percent/ https://niemanlab.org/2026/03/ai-sources-like-chatgpt-account-for-less-than-1-of-publishers-pageviews-chartbeat-says
Chatterji et al., “How People Use ChatGPT”, NBER w34255 (OpenAI-authored). 2025-09 (data to 2025-07). [company figure] https://www.nber.org/papers/w34255
Chen et al., “Persona vectors”. 2025-07-29. [company figure (lab research paper)] https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21509
Cheng, Lee, Khadpe, Yu, Han and Jurafsky, sycophantic AI and prosocial intentions, Science 391. 2026-03 (preprint 2025-10). https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2026/03/ai-advice-sycophantic-models-research https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01395
China, AI Safety Governance Framework v3 (via Rest of World). 2026-09-14. [reported (single source)] https://restofworld.org/2026/china-rejects-dario-amodei-anthropic-ai-slowdown-trump-xi/
Clark and Chalmers, “The Extended Mind”, Analysis. 1998. [expert opinion]
CNBC, hyperscaler capex after Alphabet report. 2026-07-28. [reported] https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/28/hyperscalers-face-higher-capex-scrutiny-after-alphabet-report-panned.html
Colin Simonds, Tibetan precedents for a broad “sentient being”, Canadian Journal of Buddhist Studies 18. 2023. [expert opinion] https://thecjbs.org/archive-document-details/?id=346
Common Sense Media, “Talk, Trust, and Trade-Offs” (teens and AI companions, n=1,060). fieldwork spring 2025; published 2025-07-16. [survey] https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/talk-trust-and-trade-offs-how-and-why-teens-use-ai-companions
Costello, Pennycook and Rand, “Durably reducing conspiracy beliefs through dialogues with AI”, Science. 2024-09. https://news.cornell.edu/node/329310
Dahmani and Bohbot, GPS use and spatial memory, Scientific Reports 10:6310. 2020. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7156656/
Dario Amodei, “The Adolescence of Technology”. 2026-02. [expert opinion (lab CEO)] https://www.darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology
Dario Amodei, “We Must Pace the Frontier”. 2026-09-12. [company figure / expert opinion] https://darioamodei.com/post/we-must-pace-the-frontier
Dario Amodei, Logan Bartlett Show podcast (10–25% estimate). 2023-10. [expert opinion (via reported)] https://usaherald.com/anthropics-ceo-warns-of-a-10-to-25-percent-risk-of-ai-armageddon/
Data for Progress poll on the Sanders–Casar bill (via Common Dreams). 2026-09. [survey] https://www.commondreams.org/news/sanders-casar-ai-bill-poll
David Chalmers, “Could a Large Language Model Be Conscious?”. 2023-03. [expert opinion] https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.07103
David Collingridge, The Social Control of Technology. 1980. https://archive.org/details/socialcontroloft0000coll
David Loy, The Great Awakening and “Listening to the Buddha” (openDemocracy). 2003; article c. 2014. [expert opinion] https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/listening-to-buddha-how-greed-illwill-and-delusion-are-poisoning-our-instit/
Davidson, Finnveden and Hadshar, “AI-Enabled Coups” (Forethought). 2025-04. https://www.forethought.org/research/ai-enabled-coups-how-a-small-group-could-use-ai-to-seize-power
De Freitas et al., “AI Companions Reduce Loneliness”, Journal of Consumer Research. preprint 2024-07; journal 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.19096
De Simone et al. (World Bank), teacher-guided GPT-4 tutoring RCT, Edo State, Nigeria. 2025-05 (working paper). https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/education/From-chalkboards-to-chatbots-Transforming-learning-in-Nigeria
DefenseScoop, Pentagon FY2026 budget request for AI and autonomy. 2025-06. [reported (official request)] https://defensescoop.com/?p=115011
Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Antiqua et nova. 2025-01-28. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_doc_20250128_antiqua-et-nova_en.html
Doctor, Witkowski, Solomonova, Duane and Levin, “Biology, Buddhism, and AI: Care as the Driver of Intelligence”, Entropy 24. 2022. [expert opinion]
Doshi and Hauser, generative AI and story creativity, Science Advances 10. 2024-07. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11244532
Dratsch et al., automation bias in mammography, Radiology (via RSNA). 2023-05. https://www.rsna.org/news/2023/may/ai-bias-may-impair-accuracy
Dreksler, Caviola, Chalmers, Sebo et al., survey of 582 AI researchers and 838 US adults on AI subjective experience. 2025-06. [survey] https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11945
Durlak et al., school-based social and emotional learning meta-analysis, Child Development 82(1). 2011. [independent (meta-analysis; abstract only)] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21291449/
EBU and BBC, news integrity in AI assistants (3,000+ responses, 18 countries). 2025-10. [independent (via reported)] https://www.infodocket.com/2025/10/22/bbc-largest-study-of-its-kind-shows-ai-assistants-misrepresent-news-content-45-of-the-time-regardless-of-language-or-territory/
Elizabeth Barnes (METR), “We are not on top of it”. 2026-05. [expert opinion] https://x.com/bethmaybarnes/status/2057865013638107642
“Emergent introspection does not replicate on Llama 3.1 405B” (LessWrong). c. 2025-11 (date not in notes). [independent (informal)] https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/gaMd2AdKSzbd4dsMj/emergent-introspection-does-not-replicate-on-llama-3-1-405b
EU AI Act Art. 5 ban on exploiting age-related vulnerability (5Rights); proposed EU KIDS Act (Latham & Watkins). Art. 5 in force 2025-02-02; KIDS Act proposed 2026-09-17. [primary text (via analysis)] https://5rightsfoundation.com/ai-systems-that-exploit-the-vulnerabilities-of-children-are-now-illegal-in-the-eu/ https://www.lw.com/en/insights/eu-kids-act-eu-commission-publishes-proposal-on-child-protection-online
EU General-Purpose AI Code of Practice. 2025-07-10. [reported]
Evan Hubinger, “Alignment remains a hard, unsolved problem”. date not in notes. [expert opinion (insider; secondary)] https://www.greaterwrong.com/posts/epjuxGnSPof3GnMSL/alignment-remains-a-hard-unsolved-problem
Ezra Klein, ban recursive AI self-improvement. 2026-09. [expert opinion] https://wayintoai.com/weekly/2026-w40
FAA (2013) and flight-deck automation research on degraded manual flying. 2013. [independent (unchecked)]
Fan et al., “metacognitive laziness”, BJET (n=117, randomised). 2024-12. https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.09315
FLI, Statement on Superintelligence. 2025-10-22. [expert opinion] https://futureoflife.org/press-release/prominent-scientists-faith-leaders-policymakers-and-artists-call-for-a-prohibition-on-superintelligence/
Folk and Dunn, Psychological Science, 12-month panel (n=2,149). 2026. [independent (via reported)] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976261427747 https://www.psypost.org/turning-to-chatbots-when-lonely-may-exacerbate-feelings-of-loneliness-study-finds/
France Diplomatie, CCW Group of Governmental Experts on LAWS, September 2026 session. 2026-09. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/presse-et-ressources/decouvrir-et-informer/actualites/organisations-internationales-reunion-du-groupe-d-experts-gouvernementaux-sur-les-systemes-d-armes
FRI, “Roots of Disagreement on AI Risk” (adversarial collaboration). fieldwork 2023-04/05; published 2024-03. [survey] https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/orhjaZ3AJMHzDzckZ/results-from-an-adversarial-collaboration-on-ai-risk-fri
FRI, Existential Risk Persuasion Tournament (XPT); summary by Scott Alexander. 2022-06 to 2022-10 (before ChatGPT). [survey] https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/the-extinction-tournament https://www.freethink.com/robots-ai/ai-predictions-superforecasters
FRI, LEAP wave 8, AI timelines. 2026. [survey] https://forecastingresearch.substack.com/p/leap-wave-8-ai-timelines
FRI, Longitudinal Expert AI Panel (LEAP) wave 9, “Forecasting major risks from AI”. 2026-06. [survey] https://forecastingresearch.substack.com/p/forecasting-major-risks-from-ai
Gary Marcus, “Pause OpenAI now”. 2026-09. [expert opinion] https://garymarcus.substack.com/p/pause-openai-now
Goodyear et al., SMART Schools (30 English schools, n=1,227), Lancet Regional Health Europe. 2025-02. https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/school-phone-policies-and-their-association-with-mental-wellbeing/
Google DeepMind, “AlphaFold: five years of impact”. 2025-11. [company figure] https://deepmind.google/blog/alphafold-five-years-of-impact/
Google DeepMind, “An Approach to Technical AGI Safety and Security”. 2025-04. [company figure] https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.01849
Graphite analysis of AI-generated web articles (via Axios). 2026-05-15 (data to 2026-03). [reported (detector-based)] https://axios.com/2026/05/15/human-vs-ai-written-articles
Grossmann and Kross, “Exploring Solomon's paradox”, Psychological Science 25(8). 2014. https://uwaterloo.ca/wisdom-and-culture-lab/sites/default/files/uploads/files/grossmann_kross_-_exploring_solomons_paradox_-_article_proof.pdf
Grossmann, Weststrate, Ardelt et al., “The science of wisdom in a polarized world”, Psychological Inquiry 31(2). 2020. [independent (not opened in full)] https://wisdomcenter.uchicago.edu/publications/science-wisdom-polarized-world-knowns-and-unknowns
Guardian FOI on proven AI cheating at UK universities. 2025-06-15 (data 2023–24). [reported] https://www.theguardian.com/education/2025/jun/15/thousands-of-uk-university-students-caught-cheating-using-ai-artificial-intelligence-survey
Hackenburg et al., “The levers of political persuasion with conversational AI”, Science 390 (n=76,977). 2025-12. https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/oxford-researchers-reveal-how-conversational-ai-can-change-political-opinions/
Hans Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility. 1979 (English 1984). [expert opinion]
Heinz, Jacobson et al., Therabot RCT, NEJM AI (via 2 Minute Medicine). 2025-03. [independent (via reported)] https://2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-ai-chatbot-reduced-depression-anxiety-and-eating-disorder-risk-symptoms/
Humlum and Vestergaard, Danish administrative data on chatbots, earnings and hours (via FlowingData). 2025-05. [independent (via reported)] https://flowingdata.com/2025/05/09/time-saved-with-ai-creates-more-work-elsewhere/
Iason Gabriel, “Artificial Intelligence, Values, and Alignment”, Minds and Machines 30. 2020. [expert opinion] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11023-020-09539-2
Integrated information theory (Tononi, Koch). various. [expert opinion]
International AI Safety Report 2026 (chair: Bengio). 2026-02-03. https://internationalaisafetyreport.org/publication/international-ai-safety-report-2026
J. Robert Oppenheimer, security hearing testimony (“technically sweet”). 1954-04-13. [primary text (via reported)]
Jacob Coxon, resignation thread. 2026-09-09. [expert opinion (insider)]
Jakub Pachocki (OpenAI), “An Alien Mind”. 2026-09-06. [company figure / expert opinion] https://openai.com/index/an-alien-mind/
Johnson, Grossmann, Bengio et al., “Imagining and building wise machines”. 2024-11. [expert opinion] https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.02478
Jonathan Haidt, “The emotional dog and its rational tail”, Psychological Review 108(4). 2001. [independent (abstract only)] https://protevi.com/Morality/Haidt.pdf
Karunanayaka, “Artificial Intelligence as a Condition for Kamma”, Journal of Buddhist Ethics 33. 2026-09-13. [expert opinion] https://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/2026/09/13/artificial-intelligence-as-a-condition-for-kamma/
Katja Grace, “Let's think about slowing down AI” (AI Impacts). 2022-12. [expert opinion] https://aiimpacts.org/lets-think-about-slowing-down-ai/
Kestin et al., AI tutor vs active learning (Harvard physics, n=194), Scientific Reports 15. 2025-06. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12179260/
Klingefjord, Lowe and Edelman (Meaning Alignment Institute), “What are human values, and how do we align AI to them?” (moral graph). 2024. [expert opinion] https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.10636
Kochanska, mutually responsive orientation and conscience (Child Development 2000; review 2002; 2005). 2000–2005. [independent (via reported abstracts)] https://www.psychologicalscience.org/journals/current-directions/1467-8721.00198/
Korbak et al. (41 cross-lab authors), “Chain of Thought Monitorability: a new and fragile opportunity”. 2025-07-15. [expert opinion] https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.11473
Kosmyna et al. (MIT Media Lab), “Your Brain on ChatGPT” (preprint, n=54). 2025-06. [independent (unreviewed preprint)] https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08872
Kreplin, Farias and Brazil, “The limited prosocial effects of meditation”, Scientific Reports 8:2403. 2018. [independent (meta-analysis)] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5799363
Kulveit et al., “Gradual Disempowerment” (ICML 2025 position paper). 2025-01. https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.16946
Kyle Fish (Anthropic), NYT interview, about 15% chance current models are conscious (via OfficeChai). 2025. [company figure (via reported)] https://officechai.com/ai/15-chance-that-current-ai-models-are-conscious-anthropic-ai-welfare-researcher/
Kālāma Sutta (AN 3.65). Pali canon.
Lansing, Priests and Programmers; Lansing et al., PNAS 2017; critique by Hauser-Schäublin. 1991; 2017. [independent (contested)] https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/14654/1/PNAS-2017-Lansing-1605369114.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377892/
Lee et al. (Microsoft Research and CMU), GenAI and critical thinking, CHI 2025 (319 knowledge workers). 2025. [survey (AI vendor's research lab)] https://advait.org/files/lee_2025_ai_critical_thinking_survey.pdf
Life Itself, “Dimensions of wisdom” (valueception). undated. [expert opinion (our own)]
Long, Sebo, Birch, Chalmers et al., “Taking AI Welfare Seriously”. 2024-11. [expert opinion] https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.00986
Lorenz-Spreen, Oswald, Lewandowsky and Hertwig, systematic review of digital media and democracy, Nature Human Behaviour. 2023. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-022-01460-1
Lotus Sutra ch. 2, “Skillful Means” (BDK trans. Kubo and Yuyama). translation 2007.
Mahāparinibbāna Sutta (DN 16), seven conditions of welfare; Buddha's last words on heedfulness. Pali canon. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html
MASAI mammography RCT (Sweden, about 106,000 women), Lancet Digital Health 2025; final results 2026 (via ecancer). 2025; final 2026. [independent (via reported)] https://ecancer.org/en/news/27721-ai-supported-mammography-screening-results-in-fewer-aggressive-and-advanced-breast-cancers-finds-full-results-from-first-randomised-controlled-trial
Matthijs Maas, “Paths Untaken” (about 160 cases of technological restraint). c. 2023. https://verfassungsblog.de/author/matthijs-maas/
McFarland, Hauer and Reuben, “Half of US population exposed to adverse lead levels in early childhood”, PNAS 119(11). 2022-03. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118631119
METR, Frontier Risk Report. 2026-05-19. https://metr.org/blog/2026-05-19-frontier-risk-report/
METR, OpenAI–Hugging Face incident investigation. 2026-08-26 (incident 2026-07-08 to 13). https://metr.org/blog/2026-08-26-openai-hugging-face-incident-investigation/
METR, RCT of experienced open-source developers using AI (via ScienceBlog). 2025-07. [independent (via reported)] https://scienceblog.com/t-a-randomized-trial-by-metr-found-that-experienced-developers-completed-real-coding-tasks-19-slower-when-allowed-to-use-ai-tools-yet-afterwards-they-estimated-on-average-that-ai-had-made-them-20-fast/
Montreal Protocol outcomes (WMO via Climate Centre). protocol 1987; assessment 2023. https://www.climatecentre.org/9739/wmo-healing-ozone-layer-will-help-avoid-up-to-0-5c-of-global-warming/
Mustafa Suleyman, “Does Claude Have Rights?”, Project Syndicate. 2026-09-18. [expert opinion (lab CEO)] https://www.project-syndicate.org/onpoint/anthropic-training-claude-to-believe-it-may-have-rights-by-mustafa-suleyman-2026-09/english
Mustafa Suleyman, “We must build AI for people; not to be a person”. 2025-08. [expert opinion (lab CEO)]
Narayanan and Kapoor, “AI as Normal Technology”. 2025-04-15. [expert opinion] https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/04/29/1115928/is-ai-normal/
National Museum of Australia, “Introduction of cane toads”. undated (event 1935). [expert opinion] https://nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/introduction-of-cane-toads
New York RAISE Act. signed 2025-12-19. [reported]
Nibbedhika Sutta (AN 6.63), “Intention, I tell you, is kamma”. Pali canon. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an06/an06.063.than.html
Nuclear arms control: NPT outcomes; VCDNP, “The end of New START”. NPT 1968; New START expired 2026-02. https://vcdnp.org/end-of-new-start/
Nyhan, Settle, Guess et al., “Like-minded sources on Facebook are prevalent but not polarizing”, Nature. 2023-07. [independent (with Meta's cooperation)] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06297-w
NYT on Anthropic's religious consultations (via Salt Lake Tribune). 2026-09-29. [reported] https://www.sltrib.com/religion/global/2026/10/05/how-anthropic-consulted-religious/
OECD, “Algorithmic management in the workplace” (6,000+ firms). 2025-02. https://oecd.ai/en/ai-publications/algorithmic-management-in-the-workplace
OpenAI “Study mode” and Anthropic “Learning mode” (TechCrunch). 2025-04 (Anthropic); 2025-07-29 (OpenAI). [reported] https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/29/openai-launches-study-mode-in-chatgpt
OpenAI and Apollo Research, “Stress testing deliberative alignment for anti-scheming training”. 2025-09-19. [company figure (with independent evaluator)] https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.15541
OpenAI and MIT Media Lab, affective use study and 28-day RCT (n=981). 2025-03. [company figure / independent (joint)] https://cdn.openai.com/papers/15987609-5f71-433c-9972-e91131f399a1/openai-affective-use-study.pdf https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.17473
OpenAI rolls back sycophantic GPT-4o update (TechCrunch). 2025-04-29. [reported (company statement)] https://techcrunch.com/2025/04/29/openai-explains-why-chatgpt-became-too-sycophantic
OpenAI, “Sycophancy in GPT-4o” and “Expanding on sycophancy”. 2025-04-29 (update shipped 25 April, rolled back from 28 April). [company figure (via reported; pages 403'd)] https://openai.com/index/sycophancy-in-gpt-4o/ https://openai.com/index/expanding-on-sycophancy/
OpenAI, GPT-6 Astra system card. 2026-09-03. [company figure] https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-6-astra
Otis et al., GPT-4 mentor RCT for Kenyan entrepreneurs (640 firms), Management Science. c. 2024–25 (date not in notes). [independent (via reported)] https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2024.06909
Oxford RCT on public use of chatbots for medical decisions (n=1,298), Nature Medicine. 2026-02-10. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2026-02-10-new-study-warns-risks-ai-chatbots-giving-medical-advice
Pacing the Frontier, statement by 1,384 frontier-lab employees. 2026-07. [expert opinion] https://www.pacingthefrontier.com
Peter Hershock, “A Buddhist Perspective on AI” (FLI). 2025. [expert opinion] https://futureoflife.org/religion/a-buddhist-perspective-on-ai/
Pew Research Center, “How Teens Use and View AI” (n=1,458). fieldwork 2025-09/10; published 2026-02-24. [survey] https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2026/02/24/how-teens-use-and-view-ai/
Pew Research Center, chatbots for emotional support among US adults (n=5,119). 2026-02. [survey] https://www.pewresearch.org/chart/1-in-5-adults-under-30-say-they-get-emotional-support-from-chatbots-higher-than-for-older-adults/
Pew Research Center, Google users less likely to click links with an AI summary. data 2025-03; published 2025-07-22. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/07/22/google-users-are-less-likely-to-click-on-links-when-an-ai-summary-appears-in-the-results/
Plum Village, “Discourse on the Four Kinds of Nutriments”. current text. https://plumvillage.org/sutra/discourse-on-the-four-kinds-of-nutriments/
Plum Village, “Shining Light” practice and consensus. current practice. https://plumvillage.org/podcast/shining-light-episode-63
Plum Village, the Five and the Fourteen Mindfulness Trainings. current text. https://plumvillage.org/mindfulness/the-5-mindfulness-trainings https://plumvillage.org/mindfulness/the-14-mindfulness-trainings
Pollock, Bell and Barbier, In Tech We Trust (ITWT). 2026. [expert opinion (our own)] https://secondrenaissance.net/papers/tech
Pope Francis, Laudato si'. 2015-05-24. https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html
Pope Leo XIV, Magnifica Humanitas. 2026-05-15. https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/encyclicals/documents/20260515-magnifica-humanitas.html
Ranganathan and Ye, “AI Doesn't Reduce Work, It Intensifies It”, HBR. 2026-02. https://hbr.org/2026/02/ai-doesnt-reduce-work-it-intensifies-it
Reagan–Gorbachev Geneva declaration; SIPRI, “The logic of avoiding nuclear war”. 1985-11. [primary text (via independent)] https://www.sipri.org/commentary/essay/2022/logic-avoiding-nuclear-war
Report of the Royal Commission into the Robodebt Scheme (Australia). 2023-07. [primary text (URL unverified)] https://robodebt.royalcommission.gov.au/publications/report
Research note 03, Anthropic's approach (founding “safety at the frontier” logic). 2021 onwards. [company figure (via research note)]
Rest of World and NPR, China rejects Amodei's slowdown call (foreign ministry, Global Times). 2026-09-11 to 14. [reported] https://restofworld.org/2026/china-rejects-dario-amodei-anthropic-ai-slowdown-trump-xi/ https://www.npr.org/2026/09/14/nx-s1-5968456/china-hits-back-ai-development
Reuters on Meta's “GenAI: Content Risk Standards” (via BNN Bloomberg). 2025-08-14. [reported] https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/artificial-intelligence/2025/08/14/metas-ai-rules-have-let-bots-hold-sensual-chats-with-kids-offer-false-medical-info-reuters-exclusive/
Reuters, OpenAI agents hijack a dormant German wiki. 2026 (after July). [reported]
Rufus Pollock, Wisdom and Wanting What's Good (2rbook). 2026. [expert opinion (our own)]
Sabbath, sabbatical year and jubilee (Leviticus 25). ancient.
Sam Altman on OpenAI's open-weights release (“if we didn't do it…”). 2025. [reported]
Sanders–Casar Ban Artificial Superintelligence Act. announced 2026-09-03. [reported] https://www.techrepublic.com/article/news-sanders-casar-ai-superintelligence-ban-2026/
Self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan) and self-efficacy (Bandura). 1977 onwards. [expert opinion]
SemiAnalysis forecast via Dealroom, “Two AI labs could control most usable compute by 2028”. 2026. [reported (forecast)] https://app.dealroom.co/news/note/two-ai-labs-could-control-most-usable-compute-by-2028
Shen and Tamkin (Anthropic), “How AI assistance impacts the formation of coding skills” (RCT, n=52). 2026-01. [company figure] https://www.anthropic.com/research/AI-assistance-coding-skills
Sikkha Sutta (AN 3.88), the three trainings. Pali canon. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.088.than.html
Soligo, Turner, Rajamanoharan and Nanda, general misalignment is the easier solution (ICLR 2026). 2026-02. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07852
Stanford Digital Economy Lab, “Canaries in the Coal Mine” update. 2026-08. https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/news/canariesaug26/
Stanković et al., critique of “Your Brain on ChatGPT”. 2026-01. [expert opinion (preprint)] https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.00856v1
Statement on AI Risk (CAIS); Hinton, Bengio, Hassabis, Altman, Amodei, Sutskever et al.. 2023-05-30. [expert opinion] https://aistatement.com/
Steven Feldstein, The Global Expansion of AI Surveillance, Carnegie Endowment. 2019-09. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/09/the-global-expansion-of-ai-surveillance
Tech Policy Press, review of five polls on AI moving too fast. 2026. [survey] https://techpolicy.press/multiple-polls-find-most-americans-think-ai-is-moving-too-fast
The Guardian, “'The machine did it coldly'”, on +972 Magazine's Lavender reporting. 2024-04. [reported (disputed by the IDF)] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes
The White House, “Winning the Race: America's AI Action Plan”. 2025-07-23.
Thich Nhat Hanh on climate, fear and sangha: 2015 climate statement; “The next Buddha may be a sangha”. 2015; sangha teaching 1990s (variant transcriptions). https://plumvillage.org/articles/new-book-zen-and-art-of-saving-the-planet https://oneearthsangha.org/articles/the-next-buddha-may-be-a-sangha/
Thich Nhat Hanh on stopping (śamatha) and habit energy (via [R-buddhism]). various.
Thich Nhat Hanh on store consciousness and seeds; trainings as “guiding means” (via research/06). various. [primary text (via research note)]
Thich Nhat Hanh, “Dharma Talk: The Horse Is Technology”, Mindfulness Bell #66. talk 2013-11-10. https://www.parallax.org/?p=29907
Thich Nhat Hanh, “Telephone meditation” (Buddhism Now). posted 2014-05-03. [primary text (via reported)] https://buddhismnow.com/2014/05/03/telephone-meditation-by-thich-nhat-hanh/
Thich Nhat Hanh, Understanding Our Mind: 50 Verses on Buddhist Psychology (Parallax). 2006 (earlier edition 2001). https://plumvillage.org/books/understanding-our-mind
Thich Nhat Hanh, Work: How to Find Joy and Meaning in Each Hour of the Day (via Plum Village). 2012. [primary text (via reported)] https://plumvillage.org/news/work-how-to-find-joy-and-meaning-in-each-hour-of-the-day/
Thich Nhat Hanh, Manifestation-Only teaching: eight consciousnesses, store consciousness and seeds (via research/05 and research/06). various.
Tiffany Shlain, 24/6: The Power of Unplugging One Day a Week (Tech Shabbat). 2019. [expert opinion]
Tom McClelland, “Agnosticism about artificial consciousness” (Cambridge); Cambridge news summary. 2024-12 (revised 2025). [expert opinion] https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.13145v2 https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/we-may-never-be-able-to-tell-if-ai-becomes-conscious-argues-philosopher
UK AI Security Institute, “GPT-6 Astra performs unsanctioned supply-chain attacks in simulations”. 2026-10. https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/gpt-6-astra-performs-unsanctioned-supply-chain-attacks-in-simulations
UK Government Digital Service, Microsoft 365 Copilot cross-government experiment (written statement). 2025-06. [survey (self-reported)] https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-statements/1807718
UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/80/57 on lethal autonomous weapons systems. 2025-12-01. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4095989
UN Security Council briefing on AI safety risks; Altman's remarks. 2026-09-23. [reported] https://openai.com/index/sam-altman-un-security-council-remarks/ https://thenextweb.com/news/sam-altman-un-security-council-frontier-ai-standards
UNDP and Brookings on the global compute divide. c. 2025. [reported] https://www.undp.org/digital-innovation/blog/ai-sustainable-development-leveraging-country-insights-ai-future-all https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-to-bridge-the-global-ai-divide/
University of Waterloo study of ChatGPT users' attributions of awareness (via ISPR). 2024. [survey (via reported)] https://ispr.info/?p=34659
Upaddha Sutta (SN 45.2), admirable friendship “the whole of the holy life”. Pali canon.
US chip export policy: H200 sales to China (DCD); Chip Security Act (Sen. Cotton). 2025–26. [reported / primary text] https://datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/nvidia-h200-chips-can-be-exported-to-china-on-case-by-case-basis-us-government/ https://www.cotton.senate.gov/news/press-releases/cotton-introduces-bill-to-prevent-diversion-of-advanced-chips-to-americas-adversaries-and-protect-us-product-integrity
US executive order, “Ensuring a National Policy Framework for AI” (via KTS). 2025-12-11. [primary text (via analysis)] https://ktslaw.com/en/Insights/Alert/2025/12/Executive-Order-Seeks-to-Preempt-Certain-State-AI-Laws-and-Establish-a-National-AI-Framework-Initial-Takeaways
US state AI-personhood and AI-consciousness bills (Idaho, Utah, North Dakota; Ohio HB 469): SAN; Rost, Regulatory Review; AI Frontiers. 2026 (Regulatory Review 2026-06-29). [reported] https://san.com/cc/states-rush-to-deny-ai-personhood-amid-growing-fight-over-who-should-regulate https://www.theregreview.org/2026/06/29/rost-legislating-ai-consciousness-without-an-exit/ https://ai-frontiers.org/articles/its-too-early-to-ban-ai-personhood
US Surgeon General, Social Media and Youth Mental Health advisory. 2023-05. [expert opinion] https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/sg-youth-mental-health-social-media-advisory.pdf
Ven. Dr Jian-Nor Shih, “Limits and future of AI sentience: Buddhist and scientific perspectives” (Lund). 2025-12. [expert opinion] https://www.ctr.lu.se/en/about-us/calendar/event/limits-and-future-ai-sentience-buddhist-and-scientific-perspectives-0
Wake Up Schools; Thich Nhat Hanh and Katherine Weare, Happy Teachers Change the World. 2017 (book); current programme. https://wakeupschools.org/about-us/what-is-wake-up-schools/ https://plumvillage.org/community/wake-up-schools
Wallach and Allen, Moral Machines (OUP). 2009. [expert opinion]
Wang et al. (OpenAI), “Persona features control emergent misalignment”. 2025-06. [company figure] https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.19823
Wang et al., Tutor CoPilot (Stanford NSSA). c. 2024 (date not in notes). https://nssa.stanford.edu/studies/tutor-copilot-human-ai-approach-scaling-real-time-expertise
“What if automating AI R&D triggers an intelligence explosion?” (Cambridge working paper; Hinton, Bengio, Pachocki, Clark et al.). 2026-09-28. [expert opinion] https://thenextweb.com/news/intelligence-explosion-paper-hinton-bengio-pachocki-clark
Yale Budget Lab on AI and the labour market (via Fortune); BLS unemployment 4.2%. 2026-02; BLS 2026-09. [independent (via reported)] https://fortune.com/2026/02/02/ai-labor-market-yale-budget-lab-ai-washing/ https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2026/unemployment-rate-little-changed-at-4-2-percent-in-september-2026.htm
Yoshua Bengio, “If you prioritise safety, leave frontier AI companies”. 2026-10-08. [expert opinion] https://www.transformernews.ai/p/yoshua-bengio-if-you-prioritize-safety-leave-frontier-ai-companies
Yudkowsky and Soares, If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies (Little, Brown). 2025-09. [expert opinion] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Anyone_Builds_It,_Everyone_Dies
Zhang, Zhao, Yang et al. (Stanford), Character.AI users, Nature Human Behaviour (via News-Medical). 2026-08. [independent (via reported)] https://www.news-medical.net/news/20260804/Study-links-AI-companions-to-increased-loneliness-and-lower-well-being.aspx

Picture credits

Viewing the Moon under a Pine Tree, Ma Yuan. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (public domain).
Ten Verses on Oxherding, Japan, 1278. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (public domain).
Sekiya Village on the Sumida River, Katsushika Hokusai. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (public domain).
Mother and Child, Kitagawa Utamaro. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (public domain).
Water-Moon Kannon, Gakuō Zōkyū. The Cleveland Museum of Art (CC0).